Global Demand for Ore Mining in 2080
Mining will become more capital intensive as miners seek to offset declining grades by reducing operating costs even using cone crusher. Automation will likely also spread to blast-hole drilling rigs, excavators that can differentiate between ore and waste, together with increased use of more advanced operations centres to remotely operate an increased number of mine equipment and processes.
As discussed before, any long term forecast of demand and supply is highly speculative, but putting together the data above for iron, copper, and aluminium in a time series model a likely pattern for recycling and the future of mining emerges. Many developments could change this view of long term demand, but if the business of mining and recycling continues without major wildcard events, the most likely scenario for the mining industry is depicted in the graphs below. In turn, rising demand is forcing miners to tap poorer resources in riskier environments, such as deeper mines, increasing emphasis on automation.
Global demand for almost all mined metal will increase rapidly for the next decades, despite all the improvements in scrap collection and recycling rates. The rapid growth of population and resource intensity will put pressure on miners to bring more capacity on line up to approximately 2040. But then the changing landscape becomes evident: population growth and resource intensity growth slow down and start to be outstripped by improved recycling performance of impact crusher. Although global demand for metals continues to increase, demand for mined supply actually starts to decrease slowly, with mining only accounting for 30-40% of total supply in 2080 versus 50-80% in the current situation. The initial rapid increase and the consecutive slowdown and decrease of mined supply lead to a situation in which demand for mined copper and aluminium in 2080 is only slightly higher than current demand. Demand for iron ore will even be back at the current level of demand.sand maker:http://www.hx-crushers.com/
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For most people involved in the current mining boom the idea of zero growth over a period of 70 years might be a surprising thought. The future of mining is not only a story of mining lower and lower grade ores in more and more remote places with increasingly instable social and political environments. It is also a story of the mining industry moving from being the major supplier of raw materials to being a less important player on the global stage, plugging the supply shortage of the recycling industry. This fundamental change will force mining executives to rethink the business of mining, rethink the investment selection criteria, redesign organizational structures, rebuild marketing organizations, reassess acquisition strategies in a consolidating industry, and even reconsider vertical integration with recycling companies. Whichever way the industry will turn, it is going to be an interesting ride.
I am personally very interesting that the metal worth examining as an example of recycling and future dynamics was not mentioned; lead. Over 65% of the current worlds lead supply is from secondary sources and a great model to look at how markets, both primary and secondary function including raw material prices, smelting, trading, environmental etc. The often quoted line “technological improvements” is really in scrap handling/sorting not the metallurgy, which is the same for both primary and secondary lead smelting.
Why do we need Mining so Much?
The importance of mining is definitely significant to China. Mining is an important industry, and Chinese are very advanced in their mining technology, but during the mining process, there is certain level of pollution produced. The Chinese government and the mining companies have very good plans and controls toward this problem, while ensuring the smooth running of the industries, and also helping to create strong economy and employment. The world of today could not exist without mineral products with ore beneficiation equipment. China produces about 60 minerals and ranks first among producing countries. As well, China is the largest exporter of minerals, with more than 20 per cent of production shipped to world markets.
If recycling is fundamentally more sustainable and cheaper than mining, than why do we still need to mine? If market capitalism works well the recycling industry would have totally replaced the mining industry by now, wouldn’t it? Unfortunately the answer to that question is negative. Apart from the fact that the lack of capability of most societies to deal with the negative externalities of waste could be seen as classic market failure which makes that only a small part of the metal available for recycling makes it to the furnace again, the fact that demand is growing forces us to add to the stock of metals in the world by mining. As long as the ‘global demand’ for metals grows, we need mining. In a world without growth and with perfect recycling the resources cycle would be closed: no new metal is needed, and no metal is disposed of: the environmentalist’s dream. But growth means that recycling alone is not enough to satisfy demand. Growth, either caused by population growth or by consumption growth, implies that we need more of the metals than what we used before. This gap is filled by mining.ball mills:http://www.hxjq-crusher.com/20.html
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Another reason we still need mining is that recycling is not perfect. Even if we would manage to collect all the metal that is out there to recycle it, the process to recover the metal is imperfect. Especially for complex materials like alloys and glued products it is simply impossible to perfectly separate and recover all basic ingredients with dryer machine. The term used for the deterioration of metal quality over time is ‘dissipation’. To illustrate this concept: Recycled steel is used mainly to create bars; the purity of recycled steel is typically too low to be able to create good sheet products. In summary, we lose a lot of the above the ground stock by never collecting it for recycling, and we lose some of it because our metallurgical and chemical recycling processes are imperfect.
The United Nation Environmental Program’s International Resource Panel is working on an extensive study to get a grasp of the key numbers in this equation, analyzing current recycling rates, available stocks of metal, and resource intensity. Most of these parameters are amazingly unknown. We do know how much old scrap is used as input in production processes, but the estimates about how much metal is available in the world, either in use or in landfills, vary wildly. The organization uses a number of key terms to describe the fundamentals of recycling.
Design a Management Mechanism for Performance
Performance management systems in India face serious questions about their credibility, according to a study. Many employees doubt whether such systems effectively identify superior performance or properly reward it.
When evaluating their company"s performance management system, managers and executives must understand this: Any system will fail if employees doubt its credibility. Indian employees need to establish an emotional connection with their superiors or peers at work.
A system may appear to have all the right elements that encourage employees to perform better in a team or that help a team perform better in the organization -- communication, coaching, development, and recognition. Still, if employees lack faith in the system, it will not achieve its intended purpose. This is particularly true in India. Studies, such as those of well-known psychologist Geert Hofstede, Ph.D., suggest that Indian employees need to establish an emotional connection with their superiors or peers at work. Workers respect a company"s need for processes and procedures, but that respect is influenced by the personal trust among the members of a workgroup.
Our analysis of the data shows that companies in India struggle because many employees doubt whether a performance management system can actually identify superior performance; they also question whether these systems effectively reward good performance. These emotional responses affect employees" perceptions of how robust the system is and whether it can distribute rewards fairly and effectively.
In 2010, Gallup asked employees in several different industries across India for their opinions on various aspects of performance management systems. Gallup found that Indian employees, especially those with three to 10 years of experience with an organization, strongly feel that most performance management systems are not capable of distinguishing superior performance.Rotary kiln:http://www.hx-china.com/19.html
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Unfortunately for managers and executives, there is a strong relationship between this perception and an employee"s level of engagement in his or her workplace. Of employees who strongly disagreed with the statement "The performance appraisal system at [my company] clearly distinguishes superior performance," 51% were actively disengaged. On the other hand, of the employees who strongly agreed, 2% were actively disengaged.
Before delving into the underlying emotions that surface in a performance management system process, managers and executives must make sure that the criteria used to evaluate an employee"s performance are clear. Employees from India or anywhere else want their appraisal rating to reflect their output and achievements. Companies must ensure that workers understand what is expected of them and how they will be rated on meeting those expectations.
This approach returns some obvious benefits for rotary kiln. Gallup"s analysis found that of the employees who strongly agreed with the statement "I am clear about the criteria by which my performance is evaluated," 66% were engaged. In contrast, only 1% of employees who strongly disagreed were engaged.
Even if some element of the performance bonus is dependent on factors that are outside the employees" control (such as organization-wide performance bonuses), it is imperative that these conditions are explicitly noted on the date of hire. Such forethought can alleviate emotional distress for both the employee and the companymanufacturing sand maker. And considering the impact of emotion on engagement, employees who are not distressed may be much more receptive to the very unemotional nature of performance management systems.
Ball Mill is Perfect for Crushing Stone
A ball mill, a type of grinder, is a cylindrical device used in grinding (or mixing) materials like ores, chemicals, ceramic raw materials and paints. Ball mill rotates around a horizontal axis, partially filled with the material to be ground plus the grinding medium. Different materials are used as media, including ceramic balls, flint pebbles and stainless steel balls. An internal cascading effect reduces the material to a fine powder. Industrial ball mill can operate continuously, fed at one end and discharged at the other end. Large to medium-sized ball mill are mechanically rotated on their axis, but small ones normally consist of a cylindrical capped container that sits on two drive shafts (pulleys and belts are used to transmit rotary motion).
Hongxing Machinery ball mill is a popular Vertical type stone grinding mills at present, and is the newest grinding technology which enjoys a high reputation in grinding field in South Africa, Indonesia, Malaysia, Ethiopia, Nigeria, etc. It is mainly applied to the powder processing in coal industry, metallurgy industry, mining, building, construction, electric power industrial, chemistry and steel industry, etc.
The ball mill is a key piece of equipment for grinding crushed materials, and it is widely used in production lines for powders such as cement, silicates, refractory material, fertilizer, glass ceramics, etc. as well as for ore dressing of both ferrous non-ferrous metals. The ball mill can grind various ores and other materials either wet or dry. There are two kinds of ball mill, grate type and overfall type due to different ways of discharging material. There are many types of grinding media suitable for use in a ball mill, each material having its own specific properties and advantages. Key properties of grinding media are size, density, hardness, and composition.raymond mill:http://www.hx-crushers.com/p54.html
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The structure of our high-efficient and energy-saving ball mill is different from the original ball mill. The machine body and the bottom frame are integral, so that the machine can be craned and put on the base in one step. The principle axis adopts double-row centripetal spherical roller bearing. Its energy consumption is reduced by 30%, and the discharge mode of materials is force by grate, instead of control discharge by overflow, so that the fineness of milled materials is promoted, and the processing volume is increased by 15-30%.
Ball mill is a common Horizontal type stone grinding mill, and is suitable for grinding all kinds of ores and other materials, no matter wet grinding or dry grinding. Besides, it is the key equipment that pulverizes the material after it is crushed, which is widely used in the manufacture industries, such as cement, silicate, new building material, refractory material, fertilizer, mill run of ferrous metal, nonferrous metal and glass ceramics and can be used for the dry and went pulverization for all kinds of ores and other grindable materials. Moreover, according to different materials and discharging methods, there are dry ball mill and wet ball mill for your choice. Hongxing Machinery welcome all of you to come to our company to purchase crushing and grinding machines like sand maker and other ore dressing equipment.
Buildings in the Mining Industry
Buildings are one of the most important infrastructures for a mining activity. In a mining area, buildings are designed for the administrative usage, shelters for workers, protection of machinery, material storage etc. Depending upon the requirements, weather conditions, land prices, ground conditions and building materials availability, buildings can be designed in different fashions.
In the mining industry, different types of buildings are used for different purposes:
1. Administrative Buildings: These are the main offices in the mining campus used by management units to look after the work and the activities. These are permanent buildings made of concrete and steel.
2. Maintenance Buildings: These are the workplace used by the engineers and workers to fix the problems in any equipment and to store all the toolkits for the same purposes. These are also permanent buildings made of concrete and steel generally with a roof made of tin. These buildings are also used to store the materials used for mining (drilling and blasting).
3. Plant Buildings: These are the main Process building where all the process equipment is installed with all conveying facilities. This is also a permanent space, which can either be made of concrete or tin.
4. Control Rooms: This is the most important part of a mining activity, which is made either inside of the plant, or some time outside. There can be one control room, which will control all the machines or several depending upon the equipment. This is made of glass frames generally to make sure that the equipment can be seen.
5. HEMM block: These are the facilities where all the Heavy Earth Moving Equipment used in the mining operations as Shovels and dumpers are kept. These are generally made of tin but sometime concrete is also used.jaw crusher:http://www.hx-crusher.com/crusher.html
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6. Material stockpile: These are the facilities where the finished products is stored and then dispatched by trucks or dumpers.
7. Temporary Offices: These are mobile offices used in some mines especially in mining area when the mine is in very remote locations and made of tin and steels.
8. Residential area: These include the shelters for the staffs, hospitals, schools etc. permanently established the mining area.
The regulations for building design in a mining area are similar to the building codes in normal townships. The main purpose of building codes is to protect public health, safety and general welfare as they relate to the construction and occupancy of buildings and structures and these codes and regulations vary with the countries.
Every country has its own regulations. As in United States, all major cities have their own buildings codes for rotary kiln. Most of them have adopted the International Building codes. In Europe, the Eurocode is a pan-European building code that has superseded the older national building codes. Each country has "country annexes" to localize the contents of the Eurocode. Similarly, in India, each municipality and urban development authority has its own building code, which is mandatory for all construction within their jurisdiction. All these local building codes are variants of a National Building Code, which serves as model code proving guidelines for regulating building construction activity for ore beneficiation equipment.
Small Rock Crusher Gets more Popular
Rock crusher can be divided into stationary rock crusher and mobile rock crusher or portable rock crusher according to its working style. Depending onto crusher output productivity and overall size, we can supply you small rock crusher or mini rock crusher, large rock crusher etc. This small rock crusher is an extremely versatile machine that crushes all types of rock and yields high throughput capacities.
The small rock crusher is an electrically powered, heavy-duty, skid mountedcone crusher that is perfectly designed to suit a variety of applications in primary or secondary hard rock crushing such as mixed demolition debris, crushed or broken concrete, asphalt, river pebbles and blasted rock. Small jaw crusher includes jaw crusher PE-150×250, PE-250×400 and JC180×1300 etc. Besides this, we can supply small jaw crusher equipments depending on our client’s requirements. Small jaw crusher is just one type of small rock crusher and we have other small crusher types such as small impact crusher, small cone crusher, small hammer crusher or small hammer mill, small mobile crusher, some portable crusher etc.
This small rock crusher is an extremely versatile machine that crushes all types of rock and yields high throughput capacities. The small rock crusher is an electrically powered, heavy-duty, skid mounted cone crusher that is perfectly designed to suit a variety of applications in primary or secondary hard rock crushing such as mixed demolition debris, crushed or broken concrete, asphalt, river pebbles and blasted rock.
Small rock crusher has low cost and price so it can be used in brick breaking industry: we call it brick crusher or brick breaker. This small rock crusher is an extremely versatile machine that crushes all types of rock and yields high throughput capacities. The small rock crusher is an electrically powered, heavy-duty, skid mounted cone crusher that is perfectly designed to suit a variety of applications in primary or secondary hard rock crushing such as mixed demolition debris, crushed or broken concrete, asphalt, river pebbles and blasted rock.cone crusher:http://www.hx-crusher.com/cone_crusher.html
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We have built plants with a range of capacities of up to 1200 tonnes per hour and our particular design and material handling skills enable us to offer the best technical solutions and value for money in terms of cost, material handling characteristics, safe access, ease of maintenance and longevity. Hongxing Machinery has supplied silica sand processing equipment to specialist Silica Sand producers.
Hongxing Machinery’s portable rock crushers offer an on-plant, road to operations, permanent solution to portable and mobile crushing applications where safety and productivity are essential. This small rock crusher is an extremely versatile machine that crushes all types of rock and yields high throughput capacities. The small rock crusher is an electrically powered, heavy-duty, skid mounted cone crusher that is perfectly designed to suit a variety of applications in primary or secondary hard rock crushing such as mixed demolition debris, crushed or broken concrete, asphalt, river pebbles and blasted rock.
This small rock crusher is an extremely versatile machine that crushes all types of rock and yields high throughput capacities. The small rock crusher is an electrically powered, heavy-duty, skid mounted cone crusher that is perfectly designed to suit a variety of applications in primary or secondary hard rock crushing such as mixed demolition debris, crushed or broken concrete.
Equipment and Application in Mining Process
Hongxing Machinery mining process company is the largest manufacturer of mining machines and equipmnets in China. Flagship devices of mining process have jaw crusher, impact crusher, cone crusher, vertical crusher and hammer crusher etc. The company provides crusher price list, crusher knowledge, types of crusher classification, and various model crusher technology parameters.
After nearly 30 years of development, mining process equipment is widely applied in stone mining areas, and become the dominant equipment of gold ore mining and coal mining process, and become the main equipment of mining granite and iron ore mining. With the mining process machines by Hongxing Machinery that bring huge development in stone material industry and quarrying industry.
Open pit mining requires close attention to geology, geotechnical planning, scheduling of earthmoving equipment, drill and blast technology and safety. Through constant monitoring and improvement, each aspect of open pit mining aims to control and reduce costs and improve the extraction of ore from the ground in the safest, most efficient manner.
Since the 1980s, Hongxing Machinery has begun to absorb technical from abroad and combined with our own production technology and apply to stone mining processing machinery equipments. With decades of developments, we have obtained the numerous breakthroughs and scored great achievements. Now, Hongxing Machinery is among the world first-class level of mining process equipment.
Our mining processing machines contain crushing machine, screening and transmission and grinding machine. Whatever you want stones and ores to be crushed or grinded, or you want construction stone, artificially sand and industrial grinding powder, always have suited to your machine that you want.impact crusher:http://www.hx-crusher.com/impact_crusher.html
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Our mining machinery can almost crush and grind different hard minerals, they widely use for gold mining process, coal mining process, iron mining processing, copper mining process, bauxite mining process, nickel mining processing, silver mining process, sand mining process and so on.
Hongxing Machinery is set research and development, production, sales and after-sale as one of the company, our machines are sold at home and abroad. Especially in recent years, our mining machines have been sold Southeast Asia, Africa, South America and Europe etc, more than one hundred counties, such as India, South Africa, Philippines, the United States, Britain, Canada, Australia, Indonesia, Nigeria, and Malaysia etc. Before any hole is drilled or rock mined, much planning goes into making sure the mining sequence runs smoothly and safely as possible. The mine planning engineers, in conjunction with geologists, drill and blast engineers and voids officers, design the size and shape of the blasts.
Hongxing Machinery mining process equipment are all reached domestic advanced level, and output reached the world standard. The machines are widely used in mines, chemical industry, building materials, metallurgy, refractory materials, pharmacy, and cement industries.
We produce many types of crushers and grinding mills, and provide crusher parts and grinding parts for sale. We also provide the all project design and process design, and help customers for grinding plant layout and crusher plant layout. Gear Hongxing Machinery machinery to the needs of modernization the world and the future, toward collectivization international goal hair.
General Science about Impact Crusher
Impact crusher is made up of first stage impact curtain with anvils, impact curtain adjusting rods, second stage impact curtain with anvils, rotor, blow bar ,wedge lock assembly, back-up bar, discharge opening, third stage impact plate and so on.
Impact crusher is a machine of high rotational speed and high inertia. To make sure the crusher runs Normally , the engineer should follow several tips:
1, Make a Rigorous testing before you start the impact crusher.
2, Check the lubrication system regularly , when the impact crusher system is running.
3, Feed the materials evenly to avoid stones of too big size and materials that can’t be crushed.
4, Change the blow bar of the impact crusher timely ,so the crusher can keep the balance for long time running.
5, There is a strong impact on the materials when the crusher is running, and the engineers should keep the machine sealed so as to stop the dust flowing into the air.
Impact crusher crushes materials by impact force. When materials enter the blow bar area, they are crushed due to the high-speed impact of blow bar and are thrown to the impact plates on the rotor for secondary crush. Then the materials will be thrown back to the blow bar again for the third crush. This process repeats until the materials are crushed to the required size and discharged from the lower part of the machine. The size and shape of the finished materials can be changed by adjusting the gap between the impact rack and rotor support. The machine employs self-weigh security device in its back frame. When other objects enter the impact cavity, they will be forced out of the machine by the impact rack in the front and back of the machine. The single rotor impact crusher has the characteristics of simple structure, big reduction ratio, low energy consumption l, high output, light weight, cubic physique end product.sand maker:http://www.crusher-machine.com/18.html
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It can supply the uses of industry sectors such as dressing, chemistry, cement, building, fire-proof material, ceramics, glass to use in hitting garrulous and each kind of medium degree of hardness using of in broken bits material, for example: Limestone, chamotte, slag, coke, coal and so on. Compare to hammer crusher, impact crusher has bigger reduction ratio and can fully use the high speed impact energy of entire rotor. With excellent capacity and performance, the impact crusher is widely used in machining of reduced stone for highway construction, hydraulic engineering and architecture, etc.
Impact crusher is widely used in stone crushing plant and sand making production line for construction building materials. It can crush big stones or rocks such as quartz, basalt, shaly, kaolin, limestone, marble etc into small size for building aggregates or manufactured sand, mineral ores beneficiation for crushing and purifying. It can crush iron ores, copper ores, manganese ores and gold ores into small particles for further processing. Other than the impact crusher equipment, the cone crusher researched and developed by Hongxing Machinery will also provide you with great benefits.
What are the Benefits of Coal to our Life?
As global demand for energy continues to rise – especially in rapidly industrializing and developing economies - energy security concerns become ever more important. To provide solid economic growth and to maintain levels of economic performance, energy must be readily available, affordable and able to provide a reliable source of power without vulnerability to long- or short-term disruptions. Interruption of energy supplies can cause major financial losses and create havoc in economic centers, as well as potential damage to the health and wellbeing of the population.
The forecast growth in energy demand means that we will need many sources of energy now and into the future. A diverse mix of energy sources, each with different advantages, provides security to an energy system by allowing flexibility in meeting each country’s needs.
Coal has an important role to play in meeting the demand for a secure energy supply. Coal is abundant and widespread. It is present in almost every country in the world with commercial mining taking place in over 50. Coal is the most abundant and economical of fossil fuels. At current production levels coal will be available for at least the next 118 years - compared to 46 years for oil and 59 years for gas. Indigenous coal resources enable economic development and can be transformed to guard against import dependence and price shocks.
Coal is also readily available from a wide variety of sources in a well-supplied worldwide market. It can be transported to demand centres quickly, safely and easily by ship and rail. A large number of suppliers are active in the international coal market, ensuring competitive behaviour and efficient functioning. Coal can also be easily stored at power stations and stocks can be drawn on in emergencies. Unlike gaseous, liquid or intermittent renewable sources, coal can be stockpiled at the power station and stocks drawn on to meet demand.hammer crusher：http://www.hx-crushers.com/p14.html
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Coal is also an affordable source of energy. Coal prices have historically been lower and more stable than oil and gas prices and it is likely to remain the most affordable fuel for power generation in many developed and industrialising countries for several decades.
Coal-based electricity is well-established and highly reliable with the application of dryer machine. Over 41% of global electricity is currently based on coal. The generation technologies are well-established and technical capacity and human expertise is widespread. Ongoing research activities ensure that this capacity is continually being improved and expanded, facilitating innovation in energy efficiency and environment performance.
Coal can also be used as an alternative to oil after processed by impact crusher. The development of a coal to liquids industry can serve to hedge against oil-related energy security risks. Using domestic coal reserves, or accessing the relatively stable international coal market, can allow countries to minimise their exposure to oil price volatility while providing the liquid fuels needed for economic growth.
Use Renewable Energy to Meet Electricity Demand
Technologies that will allow us to continue using our large coal supply while reducing greenhouse gas emissions are required. The federal and state governments will pursue solutions that are cost-effective and that will provide reliable energy supplies so that the Australian economy will continue to grow and that we in the community can continue to live our lives without too much disruption to our current standards of living.
Australia is trying to achieve 60% reduction in national emissions by 2050, compared with 2000 levels. Working out ways to reduce our emissions while still using our coal supplies in NSW will be a big component in achieving this target.
Why can"t we just use renewable energy such as solar or wind to meet all our electricity demands?
In NSW the coal industry has voluntarily contributed to a $300 million fund for the development and demonstration of technologies that can lower greenhouse gas emissions from coal-fired power stations. Coal producers have agreed to a levy from every tonne of coal produced; based on current production rates, it is estimated that in the next 10 years this COAL 21 fund will raise around $1 billion.
There is a national action plan to fast track the commercialization of processes to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the burning of coal. An additional $1 billion has been committed by the state and federal governments to develop and demonstrate low emission technologies to address climate change.
While money is being made available for research into future technologies, the minerals industry and individual mining sites are already implementing other initiatives to lessen their carbon footprints.ball mills:http://www.hxjqchina.com/product-list_34.html
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In November 2007 BHP Illawarra Coals West Cliff Mine, south-west of Sydney, developed a power generation plant to convert extremely dilute methane in the ventilation air from the mine into electricity. Gas is captured and used to generate 1.2 megawatts of electricity through the power plant situated near the mine. Since 1995 the mine has been capturing and using the methane gas, drained from coal seams prior to mining for safety reasons. Yet not all the methane is able to be captured, and only small percentages of methane are present in the ventilation air released from underground operations using rotary kiln equipment.
The development of power plant technology researched by Hongxing Machinery specializing in manufacturing sand maker is said to create a greenhouse gas emission saving of up to 240 000 tonnes of CO2 equivalent every year, and enough energy to power 60 000 homes each year.
Establishment of a water filtration plant at Illawarra Coals Appin mine, which cut the mine"s use of Sydney"s drinking water by 85 megalitres in the first five months alone. The Springvale Coal/Delta Electricity Water Transfer Scheme, which transfers mine water by pipelines to the Delta Electricity Wallerawang Power Station, saving over 3 gigalitres of Sydney"s catchment drinking water in the first six months alone. A $7 million irrigation system at the Xstrata Coals Ulan mine, which enables surplus mine water to be pumped out to irrigate 242 hectares of cattle grazing pasture, re-using 7 megalitres of water per hectare per year.
